【Abstract】  The first section of this chapter introduces statistical process control (SPC) and robust design (RD), two important statistical methodologies for quality and productivity improvement. Section 11.1 describes in-depth SPC theory and tools for monitoring independent and autocorrelated data with a single quality characteristic. The relationship between SPC methods and automatic process control methods is discussed and differences in their philosophies, techniques, efficiencies, and design are contrasted. SPC methods for monitoring multivariate quality characteristics are also briefly reviewed.